What is Air Pollution?
Air pollution refers to the presence of harmful substances in the air that we breathe, including gases, particulate matter (PM), and biological molecules. In India, major sources of air pollution include vehicle emissions, industrial waste, construction dust, crop burning, and household fuels like wood and coal. Poor air quality can have severe short-term and long-term effects on human health. A study published in the medical journal; Lancet estimated that air pollution causes approximately 16.7 lakh deaths in our country each year.
How is Air Pollution Measured in India?
India primarily measures air pollution through the Air Quality Index (AQI), a standardized system that indicates the level of pollution in the air. The AQI takes into account multiple pollutants, including:
- PM2.5 and PM10 (fine particulate matter that can penetrate deep into the lungs)
- Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
- Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
- Carbon Monoxide (CO)
- Ozone (O3)
- Ammonia (NH3)
- Lead (Pb)
The AQI scale is categorized as follows:
- 0-50 (Good) – Minimal impact on health
- 51-100 (Satisfactory) – Minor concerns for sensitive individuals
- 101-200 (Moderate) – Some discomfort for people with respiratory issues
- 201-300 (Poor) – Increased risk of respiratory symptoms and discomfort
- 301-400 (Very Poor) – Harmful for all, especially vulnerable populations
- 401-500 (Severe) – Serious health impacts, requiring urgent interventions
Harmful Effects of Air Pollution on Health
Exposure to high levels of air pollution can cause:
- Respiratory diseases: Increased risk of asthma, chronic bronchitis, and lung infections
- Cardiovascular diseases: Higher chances of heart attacks, hypertension, and strokes
- Weakened immune system: Increased susceptibility to infections
- Neurological effects: Long-term exposure may contribute to cognitive decline and neurological disorders
- Pregnancy risks: Air pollution has been linked to low birth weight and preterm births
- Eye and skin irritation: Smog and pollutants can cause allergies, eye redness, and skin problems
Precautions to Reduce Exposure
While air pollution is a large-scale issue that requires intervention at various levels, individuals can take several steps to reduce exposure and protect their health:
- Monitor AQI levels daily through apps and government websites before stepping out
- Wear N95 masks in areas with poor air quality to reduce inhalation of fine particles
- Avoid outdoor activities during peak pollution hours, especially early morning
- Consider using air purifiers at home to improve indoor air quality
- Opt for public transport, carpooling, or cycling to reduce personal carbon footprint
- Avoid burning waste or firecrackers, as they contribute significantly to pollution
- Advocate for cleaner air policies by supporting green initiatives and sustainable practices
Conclusion
Air pollution is a growing concern in India, affecting over a billion lives. Understanding how pollution is measured, recognizing its harmful effects, and taking necessary precautions can help mitigate its impact. By making conscious choices and supporting environmental policies, we can collectively work towards cleaner and healthier air for future generations.